What are common side effects of corticosteroids?

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are frequently used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. One of the most notable effects of long-term corticosteroid use is the potential for metabolic side effects. Weight gain occurs due to increased appetite and fat redistribution, particularly central obesity. Additionally, corticosteroids can lead to elevated blood glucose levels by affecting glucose metabolism, which is particularly concerning for patients with diabetes or those at risk of developing it. Mood changes, including irritability, anxiety, and mood swings, are also well-documented side effects and can result from alterations in the central nervous system as the body adjusts to the steroid treatment.

The other options list side effects that are less characteristic of corticosteroid therapy. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are more commonly associated with gastrointestinal medications or treatments impacting the GI system, rather than corticosteroids. Similarly, dry skin, hair loss, and insomnia might arise from stress or other conditions but are not specific to corticosteroid use. Lastly, while constipation, headache, and dizziness can occur with various treatments and conditions, they are not the hallmark side effects of corticosteroid therapy. Therefore, option A effectively captures the common and significant side effects associated with corticosteroid use.